Though numerous attempts at readmission failed, he later enrolled as an external student at St. Petersburg University. Lenin completed his education there in and then briefly labored as a defense attorney. By that time, he had become enthralled by the work of famed communist thinker Karl Marx.
Lenin was exiled to Siberia for three years. Lenin published his first Marxist essay in , and the following year he traveled to France, Germany and Switzerland in order to meet with like-minded revolutionaries. Upon returning to Russia, he was arrested while working on the inaugural issue of a Marxist newspaper. He then spent over a year in jail prior to being sent off to Siberia, where he married a fellow exile and purportedly passed the time taking long walks, writing, hunting and swimming.
Following the completion of his sentence in , Lenin received government permission to leave the country. He remained abroad for most of the next 17 years, coming back only briefly during a failed revolutionary uprising in Lenin was not his real name. Historians believe it may have been a reference to the Lena River in Siberia. Other Russian revolutionaries likewise used pseudonyms, in part to confuse the authorities.
Lenin hoped Russia would lose World War I. In March , with inflation rampant, food supplies low and the army in tatters, Czar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate. Under this new system, Marx argued, property would be owned communally as a group and work would be distributed equally.
By Lenin had also become a revolutionary by profession. He wrote controversial papers and articles and tried to organize workers. The St. Petersburg Union for the Struggle for the Liberation of Labor, which Lenin helped create, was one of the seeds that started the Russian Marxist movement. In Lenin was arrested, spent some months in jail, and was finally sentenced to three years of exile forced absence from one's native country or region in the remote area of Siberia.
He was joined there by a fellow Marxist, Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya — , whom he married in Not long after Lenin was released from Siberia in the summer of , he moved to Europe. He spent most of the next seventeen years there, moving from one country to another frequently. His first step was to join the editorial board of Iskra The Spark , the central newspaper of Russian Marxism at the time. After parting from Iskra, he edited a series of papers of his own and contributed to other journals promoting socialism a version of Marxism.
His journalistic activity was closely linked with efforts to organize revolutionary groups, partly because the illegal organizational network within Russia was partly based on the distribution of illegal literature. Organizational activity, in turn, was linked with the selection and training of people who would work for the cause. For some time Lenin conducted a training school for Russian revolutionaries at Longjumeau, a suburb of Paris, France. Finding funds for the movement and its leaders' activities in Europe was also a problem.
Lenin could usually depend on financial support from his mother for personal use, but she could not pay for his political activities. A Marxist movement had developed in Russia during the last decade of the nineteenth century. It was a response to the rapid growth of industry, cities, and the proletariat a group of lower-class workers, especially in industry.
Its first intellectual spokesmen were people who had turned away from relying on the peasants rural poor people of the Russian villages and countryside, and they placed their hopes on the proletariat. They aimed for a revolution that would transform Russia into a democratic republic. Lenin's writings and work focused on the role of the proletariat as promoters of this revolution.
However, he also stressed the role of intellectuals people engaged in thinking who would provide the movement with the theories that would guide the revolution's progress. Lenin expressed these ideas in his important book What's to Be Done? When the leaders of Russian Marxism gathered for the first important party meeting in , these ideas clashed with the idea of a looser, more democratic workers' party that was promoted by Lenin's old friend Iuli Martov — This disagreement over the nature and organization of the party was complicated by many other conflicts, and from its first important gathering Russian Marxism split into two factions opposing groups.
The one led by Lenin called itself the majority faction bolsheviki, or the Bolsheviks , while the other took the name of minority faction mensheviki, or the Mensheviks. The Bolsheviks and Mensheviks disagreed not only over how to organize the movement but also over most other political problems. In an uprising now known as the Revolution of occurred in Russia. Widespread revolt against the Russian czar's government spread throughout the country, but was eventually put to an end by the government.
This revolt among the Russian people surprised all Russian revolutionary leaders, including the Bolsheviks. Lenin managed to return to Russia only in November, when the defeat of the revolution was practically certain. But he was among the last to give up. Vladimir Lenin. For many more months he urged his followers to renew their revolutionary enthusiasm and activities and to prepare for an armed uprising.
Over the next twelve years bolshevism, which had begun as a faction within the Russian Social-Democratic Workers party, gradually emerged as an independent party that had cut its ties with all other Russian Marxists.
The process involved long and bitter arguments against Mensheviks as well as against all those who worked to reunite the factions. It involved fights over funds, struggles for control of newspapers, the development of rival organizations, and meetings of rival groups. Disputes concerned many questions about the goals and strategies of Marxism and the role of national rather than international struggles within Marxism. Since about the international socialist movement had begun also to discuss the possibility of a major war breaking out among European nations.
In and , members met and condemned such wars in advance, pledging not to support them. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
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